VITAMINS & MINERALS:
1. Thiamine is vitamin
(a) B1
(b) B2
(c) B6
(d) B12
2. The iron stored in intestinal mucosal cells is complexed to
(a) Ferritin
(b) Intrinsic factor
(c) Oprelvekin
(d) Transcobalamin II
(e) Transferrin
3. Which of the following is most likely to be required by a 5-year-old boy with
chronic renal insufficiency?
(a) Erythropoietin
(b) G-CSF
(c) Interleukin - 11
(d) Stem cell factor
(e) Thrombopoietin
4. In adults, approximately ______ mg of
thiamine per day is completely degraded by the tissue
(a) 0.01
(b) 0.1
(c) 1
(d) 10
5. The drug of choice for the management of osteoporosis caused by high-dose use
of glucocorticoids is
(a) Alendronate
(b) Calcitonin
(c) Mestranol
(d) Oxandrolone
(e) Vitamin D
6. Which of the following drugs is correctly associated with its clinical application?
(a) Erythropoietin : Macrocytic anemia
(b) Filgrastim : Thrombocytopenia due to myelocytic leukemia
(c) Iron dextran : Severe macrocytic anemia
(d) Ferrous sulfate : Microcytic anemia of pregnancy
(e) Folic acid : Hemochromatosis
7. Conversion of methionine to cysteine
depends on vitamin
(a) B1
(b) B2
(c) B6
(d) B12
8. Avidin, a protein found in egg white is an antagonist of
(a) Biotin
(b) Pantothenic acid
(c) Choline
(d) Pyridoxal
9. All of the following are important
functions of magnesium (Mg) except
(a) Nerve conduction
(b) Phospholipid synthesis
(c) Muscle contractility
(d) Carbohydrate, fat, and electrolyte metabolism
10. Factors likely to cause an increase in the blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level include
(a) Intramuscular (IM)injection of diazepam
(Valium)
(b) Severe liver disease
(c) Chronic kidney disease
11. Physiologically carnitine plays following role
(a) Important for oxidation of fatty acids
(b) Decreases aerobic metabolism of carbohydrates
(c) Decreases rate of oxidative phosphorylation
(d) All of the above
12. Patients receiving iron therapy should be warned about
(a) Dizziness
(b) Ringing in the ears
(c) Danger of sunlight
(d) Blackening of the stool
(e) Paresthesia
13. Therapeutically vitamin B1 has been employed most successfully in the treatment of
(a) Microcytic anemia
(b) Pellagra
(c) Scurvy
(d) Beriberi
(e) Macrocytic anemia
14. Magnesium ion is necessary in
(a) Stimulating enzyme systems
(b) Muscular contraction
(c) Nerve conduction
(d) All of the above
(e) None of the above
15. The following derivatives of retinal shows the greatest biological potency than others
(a) 9-Cis-retinoic acid
(b) All-trans-retinoic acid
(c) All-trans-retinol
(d) 11-Cis-retinal
16. The drug used for controlling tetany is
(a) Intravenous diazepam
(b) Intramuscular vitamin D
(c) Intravenous calcium gluconate
(d) Intravenous calcitonin
17. Absorption of oral iron preparations can be facilitated by coadministering
(a) Antacids
(b) Tetracyclines
(c) Phosphates
(d) Ascorbic acid
18. The gut controls the entry of ingested iron in the body of
(a) Regulating the availability of apoferritin
which acts as the carrier of iron across the mucosal cell
(b) Regulating the turnover of apoferritin-ferritin interconversion in the mucosal cell
(c) Complexing excess iron to form ferritin which remains stored in the mucosal cell and is shed off
(d) Regulating the number of transferring receptors on the mucosal cell 19. The percentage of elemental iron
hydrated ferrous sulfate is
(a) 5%
(b) 10%
(c) 20%
(d) 33%
20. In isolated fibroblast or epithelial cells, retinoids enhance the synthesis of
following protein
(a) Fibronectin
(b) Collagenase
(c) Certain species of keratin
(d) All of the above
21. The side effect which primarily limits acceptability of oral iron therapy is
(a) Epigastric pain and bowel upset
(b) Black stools
(c) Staining of teeth
(d) Metallic taste
22. Iron sorbitol-citric acid differs from iron dextran in that
(a) It cannot be injected i.v.
(b) It is not excreted in urine
(c) It is not bound to transferritin in plasma
(d) It produces fewer side effects
23. Which of the following is true about iron therapy ?
(a) Haemoglobin response to intramuscular iron is faster than with oral iron therapy
(b) Iron must be given orally except in pernicious anaemia
(c) Prophylactic iron therapy must be given during pregnancy
d) Infants on breast feeding do not require medicinal iron
24. Concentrations of retinal in plasma in excess of _____ µg/dl usually are
diagnostic of hypervitaminosis A
(a) 10
(b) 50
(c) 100
(d) 200
25. Megaloblastic anaemia occurs in
(a) Vitamin B12 but not folic acid deficiency
(b) Folic acid but not Vitamin B12 deficiency
(c) Either Vitamin B12 or folic acid deficiency
(d) Only combined Vitamin B12 + folic acid deficiency
26. The daily dietary requirement of Vitamin B12 by an adult is
(a) 1–3 µg
(b) 50–100 µg
(c) 0.1–0.5 µg
(d) 1–3 µg
27. Which of the following factor(s) is/are required for the absorption of Vitamin B12 ingested in physiological amounts ?
(a) Gastric acid
(b) Gastric intrinsic factor
(c) Transcobalamine
(d) Both (a) and (b)
28. Hydroxocobalamine differs from cyanocobalamine in that
(a) It is more protein bound and better retained
(b) It is beneficial in tobacco amblyopia
(c) It benefits haematological but not neurological manifestations of Vit B12 deficiencey
(d) Both (a) and (b)
29. Megaloblastic anemia is caused by
deficiency of
(a) Iron
(b) Vitamin B12
(c) Vitamin C
(d) All of the above
30. Vitamin B12 is a required co-factor for the following reaction
(a) Conversion of methylmalonyl-CoA to succinylCoA
(b) Conversion of 5-CH3-H4-folate to H4-folate
(c) Conversion of homocysteine to methionine
(d) All of the above
31. Vitamin K is indicated for the treatment of bleeding occurring in patients
(a) Being treated with heparin
(b) Being treated with streptokinase
(c) Of obstructive jaundice
(d) Of peptic ulcer
32. Menadione (Vitamin K3)
(a) Can cause hemolysis in patients with G-6-PD deficiency
(b) Is given in large doses in patients with severe liver disease
(c) Is useful to prevent haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
(d) Is the preparation of choice to antagonize the effect of warfarin overdose
33. Vitamin K promotes the hepatic biosynthesis of following blood clotting factor
(a) Factor I
(b) Factor II
(c) Factor VIII
(d) All of the above
34. folinic acid is principally used
(a) In pernicious anaemia
(b) In megaloblastic anaemia secondary to Vitamin B12
(c) Along with methotrexate therapy
(d) In treatment of folic acid deficiency
©PHARMA SOLUTION NEPAL
1. What is the function of Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)?
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) plays a key role in energy metabolism and nerve function. It is essential for converting carbohydrates into energy.
2. How is iron stored in the body?
Iron is primarily stored in intestinal mucosal cells as ferritin, which releases iron into the bloodstream when needed.
3. What is the preferred drug for osteoporosis induced by glucocorticoids?
Alendronate is the drug of choice as it helps reduce bone loss and increases bone mineral density.
4. Why is folic acid important in pregnancy?
Folic acid is crucial in pregnancy to prevent neural tube defects and support red blood cell production.
5. What are the common side effects of oral iron therapy?
The most common side effects include:
- Epigastric pain
- Bowel disturbances (constipation/diarrhea)
- Black stools
- Metallic taste
6. Which vitamin deficiency causes Beriberi?
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) deficiency leads to Beriberi, which affects the cardiovascular and nervous systems.
7. How is Vitamin B12 absorbed in the body?
Vitamin B12 absorption requires gastric intrinsic factor, which binds to B12 and facilitates its absorption in the ileum.
8. What are the signs of Vitamin B12 deficiency?
Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause:
- Megaloblastic anemia
- Neurological symptoms (tingling, numbness, memory issues)
- Fatigue and weakness
9. What is the function of Vitamin K?
Vitamin K is essential for blood clotting as it aids in the synthesis of clotting factors like Factor II, VII, IX, and X.
10. Which drug is used to treat tetany?
Intravenous calcium gluconate is the preferred treatment for tetany, which is caused by low calcium levels.
11. Why should iron supplements be taken with Vitamin C?
Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron, making it more bioavailable to the body.
12. What are the complications of prolonged glucocorticoid use?
Long-term glucocorticoid therapy can cause:
- Osteoporosis
- Hyperglycemia
- Hypertension
- Muscle weakness
13. What is the recommended daily intake of Vitamin B12?
Adults require 1-3 µg of Vitamin B12 per day to prevent deficiency.
14. What are the functions of magnesium in the body?
Magnesium is essential for:
- Muscle contractions
- Nerve conduction
- Enzyme activation
15. What is the drug of choice for hypervitaminosis A?
There is no specific antidote for hypervitaminosis A, but treatment focuses on stopping Vitamin A intake and managing symptoms.
16. Which vitamin is most important for red blood cell production?
Both Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid are essential for red blood cell formation and the prevention of anemia.
17. How does aspirin affect bleeding time?
Aspirin prolongs bleeding time by inhibiting thromboxane A2 synthesis, preventing platelet aggregation.
18. What is the role of carnitine in metabolism?
Carnitine helps in the oxidation of fatty acids by transporting them into the mitochondria for energy production.
19. What is folinic acid used for?
Folinic acid is primarily used to reduce the toxicity of methotrexate and treat megaloblastic anemia due to folic acid deficiency.
20. How is Vitamin K deficiency treated?
Vitamin K deficiency is treated with Vitamin K1 (Phytonadione) supplementation, especially in cases of bleeding disorders.
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