Basic English Grammer Note Summary

 Basic English Grammer Note Summary

Basic grammer Notes
Basic grammer Notes


Basic English Grammar: A Simple Guide

Grammar is like the foundation of a house—without strong basics, everything else falls apart. Here’s a simple breakdown to help you understand the key concepts.

1. Parts of Speech: The Building Blocks of Sentences

Every sentence is made up of different parts of speech:

  • Nouns name people, places, things, or ideas (Kathmandu, book, happiness).
  • Pronouns replace nouns so we don’t repeat them (he, she, they).
  • Verbs show actions or states (run, is, think).
  • Adjectives describe nouns (beautiful garden, tall building).
  • Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs (quickly run, very tall).
  • Prepositions show relationships between words (on the table, in the room).
  • Conjunctions connect words or sentences (and, but, because).
  • Interjections express emotions (Wow! Oh no!).

2. Tenses: Talking About Time

Tenses tell us when something happens:

  • Present Simple: Used for facts or habits (I eat rice every day).
  • Present Continuous: For actions happening now (I am eating rice).
  • Past Simple: Talks about completed actions (I ate rice yesterday).
  • Past Continuous: Describes an ongoing past action (I was eating rice when you called).
  • Future Simple: Predicts or plans something (I will eat rice tomorrow).
  • Present Perfect: Refers to an action that affects the present (I have eaten rice).

3. Subject-Verb Agreement: Keeping Things in Sync

The subject and verb must match:

  • Singular subject → Singular verb (The boy plays).
  • Plural subject → Plural verb (The boys play).

4. Articles: A, An, The

Articles help specify things:

  • A: Used before consonant sounds (a book).
  • An: Used before vowel sounds (an apple).
  • The: Used for specific things (the sun).

5. Prepositions: Small Words, Big Role

Prepositions help describe time, place, and direction:

  • Time: at 5 PM, on Monday, in 2025.
  • Place: at home, in the room, on the table.
  • Direction: to school, into the room, towards the park.

6. Conjunctions: Connecting Ideas

Conjunctions help link thoughts:

  • And: Adds information (I like tea and coffee).
  • But: Shows contrast (I like tea, but not coffee).
  • Because: Explains reasons (I stayed home because it was raining).

7. Active vs. Passive Voice: Who’s Doing the Action?

  • Active: The subject performs the action (She wrote the letter).
  • Passive: The subject receives the action (The letter was written by her).

8. Direct vs. Indirect Speech: Quoting vs. Reporting

  • Direct Speech: She said, “I am tired.”
  • Indirect Speech: She said that she was tired.

9. Modals: Expressing Ability, Necessity, and Advice

Modals add meaning to verbs:

  • Can: Shows ability (I can swim).
  • Could: Used for polite requests or past ability (Could you help me?).
  • Must: Expresses necessity (You must study).
  • Should: Gives advice (You should exercise).

10. Sentence Structure: Simple, Compound, Complex

  • Simple sentence: One independent idea (She reads books).
  • Compound sentence: Two independent ideas (She reads books, and he watches movies).
  • Complex sentence: One main idea and one dependent idea (She reads books because she loves learning).

11. Common Grammar Mistakes to Avoid

  • Double negatives: ❌ I don’t need no help.I don’t need any help.
  • Misplaced modifiers: ❌ She almost drove her kids every day.She drove her kids almost every day.
  • Subject-verb disagreement: ❌ The list of items are on the table.The list of items is on the table.

12. Punctuation: The Traffic Signs of Writing

  • Period (.): Marks the end of a sentence.
  • Comma (,): Adds a pause or separates items.
  • Question Mark (?): Used for questions.
  • Exclamation Mark (!): Shows excitement or strong emotions.
  • Quotation Marks (“ ”): Used for direct speech.

13. Synonyms & Antonyms: Expanding Your Vocabulary

  • Synonyms: Words with similar meanings (happy – joyful).
  • Antonyms: Words with opposite meanings (happy – sad).

14. Idioms and Phrases: Fun Expressions

Idioms add color to language:

  • Break the ice = Start a conversation.
  • Hit the nail on the head = Get something exactly right.

15. Practice Tips: How to Improve Your Grammar

  • Solve past Loksewa English questions for exam preparation.
  • Read newspapers, books, and magazines to improve vocabulary naturally.
  • Write essays, letters, or journals to practice grammar and sentence structure.

Mastering grammar takes time, but with regular practice, you’ll get there!

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