Nepal pharmacy council exam syllabus for Bachelor in Pharmacy
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| Nepal pharmacy council exam syllabus for Bachelor in Pharmacy |
Pharmaceutical Analysis and Instrumentation
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| Pharmaceutical Analysis |
- Pharmaceutical analysis involves various techniques to determine the composition, quality, and purity of pharmaceutical substances. It includes preliminary concepts such as significant figures, rules for retaining significant digits, and different types of errors. Statistical methods like mean deviation, standard deviation, and selection of sample data are used to ensure precision and accuracy in results.
Fundamentals of Volumetric Analysis
- Volumetric analysis involves expressing concentrations and distinguishing between primary and secondary standards. It includes different titration techniques such as acid-base titrations, oxidation-reduction titrations, precipitation titrations, gravimetric analysis, non-aqueous titrations, complexometric titrations, and diazotization titrations. Methods like the Kjeldahl method for nitrogen estimation and Karl-Fischer aquametry are also applied.
Analytical Techniques
- Spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques play a vital role in pharmaceutical analysis. Techniques include ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, fluorimetry, infrared spectrophotometry, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, flame photometry, and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Chromatographic methods like thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography (GC), GC/MS, and LC/MS are widely used.
Quality Standards and Regulations
- Good Laboratory Practices (GLP), ISO 9000, ISO 17025, and Total Quality Management (TQM) ensure adherence to quality standards. Regulatory control covers drug analysis, interpretation of analytical data, validation processes, quality audits, and validation of both equipment and analytical procedures.
Community Pharmacy, Social Pharmacy, and Public Health
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| Public Health |
- Community pharmacy plays a crucial role in healthcare by managing narcotics, maintaining prescription records, and ensuring proper prescription handling. Pharmacists engage in entrepreneurship and business planning while following good pharmacy practices. The patient care process in community pharmacy includes patient communication, counseling, and providing information about medication use.
Roles and Responsibilities in Healthcare
- Community pharmacists are evolving to take on new roles in healthcare management models. They contribute to the healthcare delivery system in Nepal and play an essential role in primary healthcare (PHC) implementation as per WHO and the Government of Nepal guidelines.
Pharmacy Research and Economic Aspects
- Research in pharmacy practice includes descriptive, analytical, and experimental studies. It involves measuring drug interactions, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and adherence to therapy. Pharmacoepidemiology data sources and resources for drug development are crucial for advancing pharmacy practice. Pharmacoeconomic models such as cost-benefit analysis (CBA), cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), and cost-utility analysis (CUA) help evaluate the economic impact of treatments. Sensitivity analysis and health technology assessments further aid in resource optimization.
Forensic Pharmacy (Pharmacy Law and Ethics)
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| Pharmacy Law |
- Pharmacy laws regulate pharmaceutical practice, ensuring legal and professional compliance. In Nepal, key legislations include the:
- Drug Act 2035
- Drug Registration Regulation 2037
- Drug Standard Regulation 2043
- Nepal Pharmacy Council Act 2057, among others.
Industrial Pharmacy Regulations
- Regulatory laws cover processes for establishing pharmaceutical industries, obtaining product and marketing licenses, and managing the sale, distribution, import, and export of medicines. It also includes legal requirements for conducting clinical trials and establishing pharmacies. Pharmacists must comply with laws concerning the sale and supply of licensed, off-label, and unlicensed medicines while ensuring proper labeling and registration.
Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy
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| Clinical and Hospital Pharmacy |
Hospital Pharmacy Structure
- Hospital pharmacies manage drug storage, distribution, and formulary processes. The Drug and Therapeutic Committee (DTC) oversees medicine selection, formulary management, and drug information services. Pharmacists also assess new medicines and ensure proper drug inventory control.
Clinical Pharmacy and Patient Care
- Clinical pharmacists help differentiate minor illnesses from serious conditions, guiding patients on appropriate treatments. They assess the actions and licensed uses of non-prescription medicines and provide counseling on lifestyle changes. Pharmacovigilance involves monitoring adverse drug reactions (ADR) and drug interactions to ensure patient safety.
Interpreting Diagnostic Tests
- Pharmacists analyze common diagnostic test results, including blood pressure, key blood components, and therapeutic drug levels. They also select appropriate diagnostic techniques to support clinical decision-making.
Specialized Prescribing Practices
- Prescribing practices vary based on population groups such as pediatric, geriatric, pregnant, and patients with renal or hepatic failure. Pharmacists ensure compliance with requirements for establishing retail and wholesale drug stores.
Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Chemistry, and Natural Product Chemistry
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| Pharmacognosy, Medicinal Chemistry, and Natural Product Chemistry |
History and Development
- Medicinal chemistry focuses on the discovery and development of drugs. It includes studying physicochemical properties, biotransformation, prodrugs, and the various phases of clinical trials. Computational techniques like QSAR and CADD are used to analyze drug properties.
Drug Classification and Mechanisms
- Drugs are categorized based on their mechanism of action, including cholinergic, adrenergic, antihistaminic, NSAIDs, steroids, cardiovascular agents, diuretics, anticoagulants, and anti-infective agents. Various antibiotics, antivirals, antifungals, and chemotherapy agents play vital roles in treating infections and cancer.
Plant-Based Medicines
- Pharmacognosy studies plant-derived drugs, including volatile oils, glycosides, alkaloids, and resins. Techniques like organoleptic, microscopic, chemical, and biological evaluation detect drug adulteration. WHO guidelines standardize herbal raw materials and finished products.
Pharmacology and Therapeutics
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| Pharmacology |
- Pharmacology studies the effects of drugs on the human body. It covers pathophysiology and treatment of common diseases such as asthma, diabetes, arthritis, hypertension, cardiovascular conditions, infectious diseases, and psychiatric disorders.
Drug Action and Therapeutics
- Drugs act on the peripheral and central nervous systems, cardiovascular system, endocrine system, and gastrointestinal system. Pharmacokinetics focuses on drug absorption, metabolism, and elimination.
Chemotherapy and Toxicology
- Chemotherapy principles include bacterial resistance and treatment of infections, malignancies, and immunosuppressive disorders. Toxicology studies the effects of poisons, heavy metal toxicity, and treatment methods.
Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, and Dosage Form Design
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| Pharmaceutical Technology, Biopharmaceutics, and Dosage Form Design |
Formulation and Stability
- Formulating drugs requires understanding physicochemical properties, solubility, stability, and bulk characterization. Stability testing follows ICH guidelines, assessing pH, solubility, and partition coefficients.
Manufacturing and Quality Control
- Pharmaceutical manufacturing involves liquid, solid, semisolid, ophthalmic, aerosol, and parenteral dosage forms. Quality control ensures bioavailability, bioequivalence, and industrial safety compliance.
Regulatory Compliance
- Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), ISO standards, and Total Quality Management (TQM) regulate pharmaceutical production. Quality audits ensure compliance with WHO and US FDA guidelines. Clinical pharmacokinetics assesses drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination.
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